Objective To investigate the impact of psychosocial factors on patients with acute coronary syndrome. Methods A total of 203 patients with acute coronary syndrome who were hospitalized in Fujian Provincial Hospital from February to December 2021 were enrolled, and a questionnaire survey was conducted to analyze the impact of psychosocial factors on patients with acute coronary syndrome using the research tools of Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7), Life Event Scale (LES), clinical indicators, and general status questionnaire. Results The patients with acute coronary syndrome had a total PHQ-9 score of 5.60±1.70 (indicating mild depression), a total GAD-7 score of 7.18±3.19 (indicating mild anxiety), and a total negative life event score of 10.74±11.60 in LES. The independent samples t-test showed that sex, presence or absence of stenting history, the time spent playing mobile phone before going to bed, cardiac ejection fraction, presence or absence of depression, presence or absence of anxiety, and presence or absence of emergency PCI were associated with the level of cardiac troponin I (cTnI) (P<0.05). The level of cTnI was negatively correlated with age and uric acid and was positively correlated with negative life event score, PHQ-9 score, GAD-7 score, low-density lipoprotein, total cholesterol, and B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP). The multivariate linear stepwise regression analysis showed that GAD-7 score, negative life event score, sex, BNP level, total cholesterol, and the time spent playing mobile phone before going to bed were independent influencing factors for cTnI. GAD-7, negative life event score, BNP level, and total cholesterol were positively correlated with cTnI level. Female individuals tended to have a lower cTnI level than male individuals, and individuals playing mobile phone for <2 hours tended to have a lower cTnI level than those playing mobile phone for ≥2 hours. Conclusion Most patients with acute coronary syndrome are in the state of mild anxiety and mild depression. Patients with anxiety, negative life events, relatively high levels of BNP and total cholesterol, and the habit of playing mobile phone for ≥2 hours before going to bed tend to have a higher risk of increase in cTnI, which can lead to the aggravation of disease conditions.